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Objective:To analyze the duration of the second stage of labor without epidural anesthesia and its association with pregnancy outcome.Methods:This retrospective study involved 12 789 women who delivered without epidural anesthesia in the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. These subjects were divided into primipara group (9 517 cases) and multipara group (3 272 cases). Demographic characteristics, maternal and neonatal outcomes and the duration of the second stage of labor were compared between the two groups using two independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test (Fisher's exact test). Differences in the maternal and neonatal outcomes were also analyzed among different subgroups in primiparae [length of second stage: <1 h group ( n=6 265), ≥1-2 h group ( n=2 305), ≥2-3 h group ( n=831) and ≥3 h group ( n=116)] and multiparae [length of second stage <1 h group ( n=3 144), ≥1-2 h group ( n=102) and ≥2 h group ( n=26)]. The association between second stage length and pregnancy outcomes was analyzed with Cramer's V. After adjusted for maternal age, gestational weeks at delivery, body mass index before pregnancy, complications during pregnancy and neonatal birth weight, the relationship between the duration of the second stage and adverse outcomes was analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis. Results:The 95 th percentile of the second-stage labor duration was 143 min for primiparae and 52 min for multiparae. The rates of vaginal delivery, forceps delivery, cesarean section in the second stage, episiotomy, third- or fourth-degree perineal laceration, postpartum hemorrhage, grade Ⅱ postpartum hemorrhage, transfusion, umbilical arterial blood gas pH<7.15 and transferring to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were all correlated with the duration of second stage in primiparae (Cramer's V values: 0.22, 0.23, 0.03, 0.22, 0.05, 0.10, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03 and 0.07, respectively, all P<0.05), and so did those of vaginal delivery, forceps delivery, episiotomy, postpartum hemorrhage, grade Ⅱ postpartum hemorrhage, transfusion and transferring to NICU in multiparae (Cramer's V values: 0.18, 0.19, 0.28, 0.14, 0.09, 0.13 and 0.06, respectively, all P<0.05). Logistic analysis showed that in primiparae, the duration of second stage >1 h was an independent risk factor for episiotomy, third- or fourth-degree perineum laceration, forceps delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, admission to NICU and umbilical arterial blood gas pH<7.15 [adjusted OR (95% CI): 2.080 (1.907-2.268), 1.773 (1.080-2.911), 1.625 (1.420-1.859), 1.365 (1.231- 1.514), 1.305 (1.165-1.462) and 1.246 (1.081-1.436), respectively], while second stage length >2 h was the independent risk factor for episiotomy, forceps delivery, third- or fourth-degree perineum laceration, postpartum hemorrhage, grade Ⅱ postpartum hemorrhage, blood transfusion, admission to NICU and umbilical arterial blood gas pH<7.15 [adjusted OR (95% CI): 4.844 (4.132-5.678), 4.223 (3.571-4.993), 3.289 (1.806-5.989), 1.952 (1.675-2.274), 1.781 (1.057-3.001), 1.654 (1.025-2.668), 1.682 (1.421-1.991) and 1.298 (1.039-1.620), respectively]. In multiparae, the length of second stage >1 h was an independent risk factor for episiotomy, blood transfusion, forceps delivery, postpartum hemorrhage and admission to NICU [adjusted OR (95% CI): 8.796 (5.717-13.534), 7.469 (2.874-19.411), 6.135 (3.217-11.699), 2.697 (1.624-4.477) and 1.814 (1.063-3.097), respectively], while the duration of second stage >2 h was the independent risk factor for episiotomy, third- or fourth-degree perineum laceration, blood transfusion, grade Ⅱ postpartum hemorrhage, forceps delivery and postpartum hemorrhage [adjusted OR (95% CI): 38.868 (14.948-101.063), 28.046 (2.780-282.490), 20.076 (5.384-74.866), 16.327 (3.406-78.274), 14.337 (5.351-38.411) and 9.036 (3.880-21.011), respectively]. Conclusions:The duration of the second stage of labor without epidural anesthesia is between that reported by Friedman and by Zhang. A prolonged second stage of labor may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Objective:To assess the changes of cardiac output (CO)-related indices in healthy term reproductive age pregnant women during labor.Methods:A prospective longitudinal study was conducted, involving 208 pregnant women at term who were at an reproductive age and admitted to the labor ward of Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology from October 2020 to March 2021. The internal diameter of the aortic root, velocity-time integral of aortic valve flow, and heart rate were obtained through transthoracic echocardiography during uterine contractions period and the intervals between contractions in the latent phase, active phase, and the second stage of labor, as well as at one hour after delivery. Stroke volume (SV), CO, and cardiac index (CI) were then calculated. Comparisons among groups were performed using t-test, analysis of variance, or Wilcoxon test. CO-related indices during contractions periods and intervals between contractions were compared using paired t-test, those in each stage of labor using repeated measurement analysis of variance. Results:(1) CO-related indices in contractions periods vs intervals between contractions during labor: In the latent phase, maternal heart rate [79(72 -84) vs 76(70 -85) bpm, Z=－2.03, P<0.05], SV [(77.9±13.4) vs (71.1±12.8) ml, t=－13.98, P<0.05], CO [(6.1 ±1.2) vs (5.5 ±1.1) L/min, t=－14.19, P<0.05], and CI [(3.5 ±0.7) vs (3.1 ±0.6) L/(min·m 2), t=－14.29, P<0.05] during contractions were higher than those during the intervals. These parameters during contractions in the active phase and the second stage of labor were all higher than those during the intervals in the same stage (all P<0.05). (2) CO-related indices in each period of labor: Heart rate, CO, and CI during the intervals between contractions gradually increased along with labor progression and reached the peak at the second stage followed by a decrease at one hour after delivery, and a similar trend was also observed for these parameters during contractions in the whole labor (all P<0.05). No significant changes in the maternal SV during intervals between contractions were observed during the labor( P=0.366), while the figure during contractions showed a decreased trend along with the course of labor and declined to a nadir in the second stage (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Cardiac output related indices change significantly in healthy term reproductive age pregnant women during labor, especially in the second stage of labor. Therefore, correct monitoring and management of hemodynamic changes during labor are of great importance in the stability of cardiovascular function throughout labor.
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Objective:To investigate the application effects of unprotected perineal delivery technique in low-risk nulliparous women during natural delivery.Methods:Seventy low-risk nulliparous women who delivered in January to December 2017 in Huaibei People's Hospital were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to undergo delivery with either conventional technology (control group, n = 35) or unprotected perineal delivery technique (observation group, n = 35). Lateral episiotomy rate, incidence of perineal tears, labor process time and Visual Analogue Scale score as well as the degree of postpartum perineal pain were compared between two groups. Results:Lateral episiotomy rate in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [8.57% (3/35) vs. (45.71% (16/35), χ2 = 10.402, P < 0.001). The incidence rates of complete perineum, grade I perineal injury and grade II perineal injury in the observation group were 34.29% (12/35), 57.14% (20/35) and 8.57% (3/35), respectively, and those in the control group were 11.43% (4/35), 28.57% (10/35) and 60.00% (21/35) respectively ( χ2 = 4.732, 4.725, 18.324, all P < 0.05). The Visual Analogue Scale score in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(3.08 ± 0.42) points vs. (5.13 ± 0.58) points, t = 16.936, P < 0.001]. There were no significant differences in the time of first-stage, second-stage and third-stage labors between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Conclusion:Application of unprotected perineal delivery technique for low-risk primipara delivery can reduce maternal injury during delivery, which is worthy of application.
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Objective@#To compare the starting points of the active phase of labor and labor duration between preterm and full-term primiparae and to provide evidence for appropriate labor management.@*Methods@#From January 2013 to December 2016, 925 preterm primiparae (preterm group, 28 to 36+6 weeks) and equal number of full-term primiparae (full-term group, 37 to 41+6 weeks) who delivered in Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics were recruited. The starting point of the active labor was defined as the cervical dilatation at the turning point on the cervical dilatation curve where changing from almost flat to the biggest slope. Differences in the starting points and labor duration between the two groups were compared. Statistical analysis was performed using two independent sample t-test, one way analysis of variance and rank-sum test.@*Results@#The duration of the first and second stages [(5.7±2.5) vs (6.8±5.2) h, t=-5.835; (29.9±16.8) vs (34.2±17.2) min, t=-12.637; both P<0.001] and the active phase [M (P95): 1.0 (3.2) vs 1.0 (4.5) h, Z=2.017, P=0.047] of the preterm primiparae were all significantly shorter than those of the full-term primiparae, and the average cervical dilatation rate was significantly accelerated during the active period [M (P5): 6.7 (1.8) vs 5.1 (1.6) cm/h, Z=-2.676, P<0.001]. In the preterm group, women whose starting points of the active phase were at 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm and ≥6 cm of cervical dilatation were 25 (2.7%), 275 (29.7%), 258 (27.9%), 203 (21.9%),109 (11.8%) and 55 (5.9%), respectively. While in the full-term group, women whose starting points of the active phase were at 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm and >6 cm of cervical dilatation were 74 (8.0%), 208 (22.5%), 287 (31.0%), 168 (18.2%), 127 (13.7%) and 61(6.6%), respectively. In the preterm group, the starting points of the active phase at cervical dilatation≤3 cm, ≤4 cm and ≤5 cm accounted for 60.3% (558/925), 82.3% (761/925) and 94.1% (870/925), respectively. In the full-term group, the percentages of the active phase starting at cervical dilatation≤4 cm, ≤5 cm and ≤6 cm were 61.5% (569/925), 79.7% (737/925) and 93.4% (864/925), respectively.@*Conclusions@#Preterm primiparae may experience shorter labor duration and an earlier start of the active phase than full-term primiparae. The routine labor progression model for full-term primiparae should not be applied to preterm primiparae.
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Objective To explore the effects of whole-stage labor analgesia on maternal and neonatal outcomes after the implementation of the new partogram.Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed in Peking University First Hospital.From June to December 2016,907 nulliparae with full-term singleton cephalic pregnancies that were expected to deliver vaginally and adhered to the new partogram were selected as the study group,and 982 cases that adhered to the old partogram (Friedman standard) from June to December 2012 were selected as the control group.Maternal basic characteristics and analgesic,obstetric and neonatal data were collected.Maternal and neonatal outcomes between the two groups were analyzed with independent sample t-test,rank sum test or Chi-square test (Fisher's exact test).Results (1) Maternal age and the proportion of gravidas of advanced maternal age in the study group were both higher than those in the control group [(30.2±3.0) vs (29.64-2.9) years,t=3.823;8.2％ (74/907) vs 4.2％ (41/982),x2=13.087;both P＜0.001].No statistically significant difference in the other basic characteristics was found between the two groups.(2) Women in the study group had significantly smaller cervical dilatation [M(P25-P75)] than that in the control group when analgesia was commenced [2(1-2) vs 2(1-3) cm,Z=-3.752].The intensity of pain quantified with numerical rating scale (NRS) before analgesia,and during the second stage of labor in the study group were less than that in the control group [8(8-9) vs 8(8-10) points,Z=-14.441;5(4-5) vs 6(5-7) points,Z=-16.495].The study group had longer median duration of analgesia than the control group [520(340-750) vs 300(200-453) min,Z=-17.801,P＜0.001].The overall dose of analgesics in injection pump in the study group was significantly higher compared with that used in the control group [68 (35-84) vs 30 (18-48) ml,Z=-18.004,P＜0.001].However,there was no significant difference in the incidence of analgesia-related complications (hypotension,accidental dura puncture,lower extremity numbness,pruritus and urinary retention) between the two groups.(3) The study group showed a higher percentage of spontaneous vaginal delivery,and a lower rate of converted cesarean section compared with the control group [71.8％ (651/907) vs 63.2％ (621/982),x2=15.623;13.6％ (123/907) vs 20.5％ (201/982),~=18.831;both P＜0.001].The study group had lower forceps-assisted vaginal delivery rate than the control group without statistically significant difference [14.8％ (133/907) vs 15.3％ (150/982),x2=0.093,P=0.797].The duration of the first,second and third stage of labor in the study group were all significantly longer than that of the control group [680 (470-900) vs 480 (360-660) min,Z=-12.490;56 (31-89) vs 37 (24-58) min,Z=-9.964;7 (5-10) vs 6 (5-8) min,Z=-6.673;all P＜0.001].Women in the study group had a lower rate of artificial rupture of membranes when comparing with the control group [55.2％ (501/907) vs 63.2％ (621/982),x2=12.516,P＜0.001].The incidence of fever,pathologically confirmed infection and postpartum hemorrhage were significantly higher in the study group than that in the control group [10.8％ (98/907) vs 6.4％ (63/982),x2=11.652;9.6％ (87/907) vs 3.7％ (36/982),x2=27.201;12.6％ (114/907) vs 5.7％ (56/982),x2=27.144;all P＜0.05].There was no significant difference in the rate of oxytocin use during labor or blood transfusion between the two groups.(4) Compared with the control group,the proportion of cesarean section due to arrested active stage of labor in the study group was significantly lower [5.7％ (7/123) vs 50.2％ (101/201),x2=68.173,P＜0.05],but the incidences of cesarean section due to intrauterine infection and relative cephalopelvic disproportion were higher in the study group [61.0％ (75/123) vs 30.8％ (62/201),x2=2.680;20.3％ (25/123) vs 8.0％ (16/201),x2=10.555;both P＜0.05].There was no significant difference in the proportion of fetal distress or other indications for cesarean section between the two groups.(5) There was no significant difference between the two groups in birth weight,macrosomia,fetal distress,neonatal asphyxia,or the proportion of neonatal intensive care unit admission.Conclusions After the implementation of the new partogram,analgesic pain relief covering the whole labor prolongs the average analgesic time and reduces the rate of cesarean section due to arrested active stage of labor.Although the risk of postpartum hemorrhage is slightly increased,analgesia itself does not pose additional risks on forceps-assisted delivery,maternal blood transfusion and neonatal asphyxia.
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Objective To investigate the influence of epidural analgesia on labor duration under the new partogram recommendations using quantile regression.Methods In this study,we recruited 300 nulliparous women at full term who were hospitalized in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology from May to September,2018.The participants who were willing to receive epidural analgesia during labor were assigned to the epidural group (n=150),and those who were not to the control group (n=150).Labor duration and delivery outcomes were analyzed by Student's t test,Mann-Whitney U test,Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.Quantile regression models were also used to investigate the effect of epidural analgesia on labor duration.Results The median durations of first-and second-stage labor in the epidural group were 600(400-840) and 66(45-98) min,respectively,which were significantly longer than those of the control group [420(320-610) and 52(33-87) min] (Z=-4.273,P＜0.001;Z=-3.210,P=0.001).Quantile regression analysis showed that,for the first stage of labor,epidural analgesia was associated with labor prolongation,and had significant effects on all the percentiles (all P＜0.05).The regression coefficients increased (95.630-285.000) correspondingly as the percentiles of the labor duration (from 10th to 90th percentiles) increased.For the second stage of labor,epidural analgesia showed a significant impact on prolongation only between the 25th and 75th percentiles (coefficients:10.000～18.143;all P＜0.05).Although the epidural group had a significant higher episiotomy rate [46.8％(65/139) vs 33.3％(48/144),x2=5.318,P=0.021],more times of urine catheterization during labor [1(0-1) vs 0(0-1),Z=-0.974,P=0.001]and higher rate of oxytocin administration during labor [48.7％(73/150) vs 30.0％(45/150),x2=10.952,P=0.001],when compared with the control group,there was no significant difference in cesarean section rate,assisted vaginal delivery rate and neonatal outcomes between the two groups (all P＞0.05).Conclusions Epidural analgesia may associated with the prolongation of the first and second stage of labor,especially with the first stage of labor,but has no adverse effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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Objective To compare the starting points of the active phase of labor and labor duration between preterm and full-term primiparae and to provide evidence for appropriate labor management. Methods From January 2013 to December 2016, 925 preterm primiparae (preterm group, 28 to 36+6 weeks) and equal number of full-term primiparae (full-term group, 37 to 41+6 weeks) who delivered in Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics were recruited. The starting point of the active labor was defined as the cervical dilatation at the turning point on the cervical dilatation curve where changing from almost flat to the biggest slope. Differences in the starting points and labor duration between the two groups were compared. Statistical analysis was performed using two independent sample t-test, one way analysis of variance and rank-sum test. Results The duration of the first and second stages [(5.7±2.5) vs (6.8±5.2) h, t=－5.835; (29.9±16.8) vs (34.2± 17.2) min, t=－12.637; both P<0.001] and the active phase [M (P95): 1.0 (3.2) vs 1.0 (4.5) h, Z=2.017, P=0.047] of the preterm primiparae were all significantly shorter than those of the full-term primiparae, and the average cervical dilatation rate was significantly accelerated during the active period [M (P5): 6.7 (1.8) vs 5.1 (1.6) cm/h, Z=－2.676, P<0.001]. In the preterm group, women whose starting points of the active phase were at 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm and ≥ 6 cm of cervical dilatation were 25 (2.7%), 275 (29.7%), 258 (27.9%), 203 (21.9%), 109 (11.8%) and 55 (5.9%), respectively. While in the full-term group, women whose starting points of the active phase were at 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm and >6 cm of cervical dilatation were 74 (8.0%), 208 (22.5%), 287 (31.0%), 168 (18.2%), 127 (13.7%) and 61(6.6%), respectively. In the preterm group, the starting points of the active phase at cervical dilatation≤3 cm, ≤4 cm and ≤5 cm accounted for 60.3% (558/925), 82.3% (761/925) and 94.1% (870/925), respectively. In the full-term group, the percentages of the active phase starting at cervical dilatation≤4 cm, ≤5 cm and ≤6 cm were 61.5% (569/925), 79.7% (737/925) and 93.4% (864/925), respectively. Conclusions Preterm primiparae may experience shorter labor duration and an earlier start of the active phase than full-term primiparae. The routine labor progression model for full-term primiparae should not be applied to preterm primiparae.
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El parto vertical es una práctica ancestral que puede ofrecer ventajas para la madre y su recién nacido. Objetivo: integrar los hallazgos que informa la literatura sobre ventajas y desventajas del parto vertical en contraste con el parto horizontal. Método: revisión integrativa de la literatura publicada en el periodo 2005-2015. Se seleccionaron quince estudios, luego de un proceso de búsqueda y crítica de literatura. Los datos se extrajeron, analizaron y compararon con apoyo en la herramienta ATLAS.ti, versión 7.0. Resultados: esta revisión integró los hallazgos de los artículos seleccionados, de los cuales emergieron doce subtemas que se clasificaron en los dos temas planteados: ventajas y desventajas del parto vertical en contraste al parto horizontal. Se encontraron las siguientes ventajas: disminución en el tiempo en la segunda etapa, menos desgarros de tercer y cuarto grado, menor edema vulvar, menor necesidad de instrumentación, menor necesidad de episiotomía, menos casos de presión del fondo uterino, menos casos de placenta retenida, menor dolor, mejor percepción de la materna y mejores resultados fetales y neonatales. Como desventajas se encontraron: mayor sangrado y dificultad de mantener la posición. Conclusión: esta revisión encontró que el parto en posición vertical tiene más ventajas en contraste a la posición horizontal, lo que beneficia fisiopsicológicamente tanto a la madre como al neonato.
Upright position is an ancestral practice which can offer advantages to the mother and her newborn. Objective: To intégrate findings from literature on advantages and disadvantages of upright position in contrast to supine position. Methodology: Integrative review of literature published in the period 2005-2015. Fourteen studies were selected after a search process and review of literature. Data were extracted, analyzed, and compared through ATLAS.ti 7.0. Outcomes: This review integrated the findings from the selected articles. Twelve subtopics were grouped into the two topics proposed: Advantages and disadvantages of upright position in contrast to supine position. Among the advantages of this review are: Shorter duration of the second stage of labor, less third- and fourth-degree tears, less vulvar edema, less need for instrumentation, less need for episiotomies, less cases of uterine fundal pressure, less cases of retained placenta, less pain, better mother's perception, and better fetal and neonatal outcomes. As disadvantage, more bleeding and difficulty in maintaining the position. Conclusión: This review found that upright position birth has more advantages in contrast to supine position, thus benefitingphysio-psychologically both to the mother and her newborn.
O parto vertical é uma prática ancestral que pode oferecer vantagens para a mãe e seu recém-nascido. Objetivo: integrar os achados que a literatura informa sobre as vantagens e as desvantagens do parto vertical em contraste com o parto horizontal. Metodologia: revisão integrativa da literatura publicada no período 2005-2015. Foram selecionados 15 estudos, logo de um processo de busca e crítica da literatura. Os dados foram extraídos, analisados e comparados com apoio na ferramenta ATLAS.ti, versão 7.0. Resultados: esta revisão integrou os achados dos artigos selecionados dos quais surgiram 12 sub-temas que foram classificados nos dois temas estabelecidos: vantagens e desvantagens do parto vertical em contraste com o parto horizontal. Foram encontradas as seguintes vantagens: diminuição do tempo na segunda etapa, menos desgarres de terceiro e quarto grau, menor edema vulvar, menor necessidade de instrumentação, menor necessidade de episiotomia, menos casos de pressão do fundo uterino, menos casos de placenta retida, menor dor, melhor percepção da materna e melhores resultados fetais e neonatais. Como desvantagens foram encontradas: maior sangramento e dificuldade de manter a posição. Conclusão: esta revisão indicou que o parto em posição vertical possui mais vantagens comparado com a posição horizontal, beneficiando fisio-psicologicamnte tanto a mãe como o neonato.
Subject(s)
Humans , Labor Stage, Second , Labor Stage, Third , ParturitionABSTRACT
Objetivo descrever a percepção de puérperas acerca da posição vertical adotada no trabalho de parto e parto. Método estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa desenvolvido em 2014, em uma maternidade de referência de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. As participantes foram oito puérperas com histórico de parto normal na posição vertical. Os dados foram analisados por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados emergiram quatro categorias: tipo de conhecimento das mulheres sobre as posições verticais; percepção da presença da enfermeira obstetra no processo de parturição como incentivo às posições verticais; recordações da vivência de partos em outras posições; e percepções das puérperas sobre o parto na posição vertical. Conclusões as puérperas avaliaram positivamente a posição vertical de sua escolha e a relacionaram à maior autonomia da mulher no parto, menor intervenção profissional, descida mais rápida do feto, redução do tempo de trabalho de parto, diminuição da dor e maior conforto.
Objetivo describir percepciones de puérperas acerca de la posición vertical adoptada en el trabajo de parto y parto. Método estudio descriptivo, cualitativo, desarrollado en 2014, en maternidad de referencia de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. Las participantes fueron ocho puérperas con historia de parto normal en posición vertical. Datos analizados por medio de la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados surgieron cuatro categorías: tipo de conocimiento de las mujeres sobre posiciones verticales; percepción de la presencia de enfermera obstetra en el proceso de parturición como incentivo a posiciones verticales; recuerdos de la vivencia de partos en otras posiciones; y percepciones de puérperas sobre parto en posición vertical. Conclusiones las puérperas evaluaron positivamente la posición vertical de su elección y la relacionaron a la mayor autonomía de la mujer en el parto, menor intervención profesional, descenso más rápido del feto, reducción del tiempo de trabajo de parto, disminución del dolor y mayor confort.
Objective to describe the perception of puerperae about the vertical position adopted in labor and delivery. Method this is a descriptive study using a qualitative approach developed in 2014 in a reference maternity hospital in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Participants were eight puerperal women with a normal vertical birth. Data were analyzed using the content analysis technique. Results four categories emerged: women's knowledge in terms of vertical positions; perception of the obstetric nurse's presence in the parturition process as an incentive to vertical positions; memories of the experience of childbirth in other positions; and perceptions of puerperal mothers on birth in the upright position. Conclusions the puerperae positively evaluated the vertical position of their choice and related it to the greater autonomy of women in childbirth, less professional intervention, faster descent of the fetus, reduction of labor time, decrease of pain and greater comfort.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Adult , Perception , Labor Stage, Second , Patient Positioning , Natural Childbirth , Obstetric Nursing , Pain , Primary Health Care , Time , Women , Knowledge , Personal Autonomy , Pregnant Women , Postpartum Period , Fetus , Nurse Midwives , NursesABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the association between the duration of second stage of labor and maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women complicated with hypertensive disorders,dysglycaemia (including gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus complicating pregnancy) or primipara-inadvanced-age,and in normal pregnant women after implementation of new partogram.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on all nulliparous women with the duration of second stage of labor ≥2 h at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,Capital Medical University between October 1,2014 and March 31,2015.Women with preterm labor,multiple gestation,noncephalic presentations,fetal malformations,placenta previa,or induction of labor after fetal death were excluded.And 279 women who met the inclusion criteria served as study group.Among the 279 women,25 had hypertensive disorders (hypertension group),46 had dysglycaemia (dysglycaemia group),and 35 had primipara-in-advanced-age (primipara-in-advanced-age group),and the remaining 177 women served as ordinary study group.According to the duration of second stage,the ordinary study group was divided into three subgroups:≥ 2-＜2.5 h (n=90),≥ 2.5-＜3 h (n=51),and ≥ 3 h(n=36).And 340 women with the duration ＜ 2 h were selected randomly as control group,including 24 with hypertensive disorders (hypertension control group),61 with dysglycaemia (dysglycaemia control group),and 41 with primipara-in-advanced-age (primipara-in-advanced-age control group);the remaining 226 women served as ordinary control group.Maternal and neonatal outcomes in these two groups were analyzed with Rank sum test,Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.Results (1) Dysglycaemia group had a longer first stage of labor,lower rate of spontaneous labor and higher rate of forcep-assisted delivery than its counterpart control group [11.88(8.42-16.06) vs 8.17(5.00 14.12) h,67.4％(31/46) vs 91.8％(56/61),and 30.4％(14/46) vs 8.2％(5/61),respectively,all P＜0.05].Primipara-in-advanced-age group had a longer first stage of labor,higher intervention rate,lower spontaneous labor rate and higher rate of forcep-assisted delivery than its counterpart control group [12.33(7.17-20.50) vs 7.50(4.00-15.12) h,61.8％(21/34) vs 36.6％(15/41),60.0％(21/35) vs 90.2％(37/41),and 34.3％(12/35) vs 9.8％(4/41),respectively,P＜0.05].Compared with ordinary control group,women in the ordinary study group,≥ 2-＜2.5 h,≥ 2.5-＜3 h and ＞3 h subgroup had a longer first stage of labor,higher labor intervention rate,and lower spontaneous labor rate (all P＜0.05).Ordinary study group and ≥ 3 h subgroup had higher rates of labor analgesia and forcep-assisted delivery than the ordinary control group.The forcepassisted delivery rate in ≥ 2.5-＜3 h subgroup and cesarean section rate in ≥ 3 h subgroup were all higher than in ordinary control group (P＜0.05).(2) Hypertension group had a higher incidence of postpartum hemorrhage than its corresponding control group while primipara-in-advanced-age group had a higher incidence [48.0％(12/25)vs 20.8％(5/24),and 34.3％(12/35) vs 7.3％(3/41),both P＜0.05).Ordinary study group,≥ 2.5-＜3 h subgroup and ≥ 3 h subgroup had higher rates of postpartum hemorrhage and adverse wound healing than the ordinary control group (all P＜0.05).(3) Compared with ordinary control group,≥ 2-＜2.5 h subgroup had a higher rate of neonatal asphyxia,≥ 2.5-＜3 h subgroup had higher fetal macrosomia proportion,and ≥ 3 h subgroup had a higher rate of admission to neonatal intensive care unit (all P＜0.05).In ordinary study group,6(3.4％) out of the 177 cases had neonatal asphyxia,all in the ≥ 2-＜2.5 h subgroup [6.7％(6/90)],which was higher than in the ordinary control group [0.9％ (2/226)],P＜0.05.Conclusions With the prolonged duration of the second stage,the risk of adverse matemal and neonatal outcomes increases.For pregnant women complicated with hypertensive disorders,dysglycaemia or primipara-in-advanced-age,the duration of the second stage of should not be prolonged.
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Objective To investigate the influence of the different second stage of labor duration on the maternal and neo‐natal outcomes .Methods Data were retrospectively analyzed from 201 nulliparous women delivering a singleton infant in cephalic presentation without labor analgesia hospitalized in our hospital between January 2012 and May 2015 ,whose second stage pro‐gressed beyond 2 hours .They were divided into observation group and control group according to different second stage of labor du‐ration ,and cases with a second stage of labor duration of three hours were in the observation group (163 cases) ,and those within two hours were in the control group (38 cases) .Results Whether the limit of the second stage of labor duration of 2 hours ,or 3 hours ,the risk of postpartum hemorrhage ,postpartum fever ,urinary retention and neonatal asphyxia ,admission to the neonatology department in two groups were not significantly different(P>0 .05) .However ,there was significance difference in the rate of soft birth canal laceration(72 cases in the observation group) ,poor wound healing (0 case in the observation group and 3 cases in the control group ,P<0 .05) .Conclusion a second stage of labor duration of 3 hours could reduce the rate of cesarean section ,and with no increase in severe adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes .
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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Despite all the medical care provided during delivery labor, perineal injury is still prevalent and may lead to diverse pelvic floor disorders. The aim here was to investigate the prevalence of obstetric and anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) in healthy pregnant women after vaginal delivery. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study involving 3,034 patients with singletons in a secondary hospital for low-risk cases. METHODS: A standardized questionnaire was prepared and applied to medical files that had been completely filled out (classification of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, RCOG) in order to identify OASIS and analyze risk factors associated with mild and severe perineal lacerations. RESULTS: The women's mean age was 25 years; more than half (54.4%) were primiparae. Almost 38% of the participants had perineal lacerations; these were severe in 0.9% of the cases. Previous vaginal delivery (odds ratio, OR: 1.64 [1.33-2.04]) and forceps delivery (OR: 2.04 [1.39-2.97]) were risk factors associated with mild perineal injuries (1st and 2nd OASIS classifications). Only remaining standing for prolonged periods during professional activity (OR: 2.85 [1.34-6.09]) was associated with severe perineal injuries. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of severe perineal injuries was concordant with data in the literature. The variable of standing position was considered to be a risk factor for severe perineal injury and should be further investigated. .
CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: Apesar do cuidado médico executado durante o trabalho de parto, os traumas perineais ainda são prevalentes e podem levar a várias desordens do assoalho pélvico. O objetivo foi investigar a prevalência de injúrias obstétricas e do esfíncter anal em mulheres saudáveis após parto vaginal. DESENHO E LOCAL DE ESTUDO: Estudo transversal envolvendo 3.034 pacientes com recém-natos únicos de um hospital secundário de baixo risco. MÉTODOS: Um questionário padronizado foi preparado e aplicado aos prontuários completamente preenchidos (classificação do Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) para identificar as lesões obstétricas e do esfíncter anal e analisar fatores de risco associados com lacerações perineais leves e graves. RESULTADOS: A média de idade das mulheres era 25 anos; mais da metade (54,4%) era primípara. Quase 38% das participantes tiveram lacerações perineais; estas foram graves em 0,9% dos casos. A presença de parto vaginal prévio (odds ratio, OR, 1,64 [1,33-2,04]) e o parto fórceps (OR 2,04 [1,39-2,97]) foram fatores de risco associados às lesões perineais leves (primeira e segunda classificações de lesão esfíncter e anal). Somente a posição em pé prolongada durante a atividade profissional (OR 2,85 [1,34-6,09]) estava associada com lesões perineais graves. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de trauma perineal grave concordou com dados da literatura. A variável posição em pé foi considerada fator de risco para trauma perineal grave e necessita ser investigada. .
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Anal Canal/injuries , Delivery, Obstetric/adverse effects , Lacerations/epidemiology , Obstetric Labor Complications/epidemiology , Perineum/injuries , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Episiotomy/adverse effects , Labor Stage, Second , Lacerations/classification , Multivariate Analysis , Odds Ratio , Posture/physiology , Prevalence , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effects of the non-supine position and the supine position during the second stage of labor on delivery outcomes.Methods In total,642 singleton term primiparas in the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University between January 2013 and March 2014 were divided into the non-supine position group (n=320),which included the lateral (n=204) and hands-and-knees position (n=116),and the supine position group (n=322) according to primipara's choice.Delivery outcomes in the two groups were compared using the Student's t test,Mann-Whitney rank sum test and the x2 test.Results The incidence of caesarean section was similar in the non-supine position and supine position groups [0.9％(3/320) vs 1.9％ (6/322),x2=0.438,P=0.508].Compared with the supine position group,women in the non-supine position group had a higher incidence of perineal lacerations grede Ⅰ [85.2％ (270/317) vs 65.2％ (206/316),x2=33.884],longer duration of the second stage of labor [48.0 min (31.0-78.0 min) vs 41.0 min (25.0 67.3 min),Z=-3.066] and greater blood loss after 2 hours of labor [240.0 ml (200.0-287.5 ml) vs 210.0 ml (160.0-260.0 ml),Z=-3.736],but a significant reduction in posterolateral episiotomies [5.3％(17/317) vs 23.4％ (74/316),x2=41.908],perinealedema [13.6％ (43/317) vs 21.2％ (67/316),x2=6.430] and meconiumstained liquor [20.8％ (66/317) vs 33.2％ (105/316),x2=12.356] (all P＜0.05).In the non supine position group,fetal heart rate showed fewer early decelerations,variable decelerations and late decelerations than in the supine position group [10.1％ (32/317) vs 17.1％ (54/316),x2=6.593; 2.8％ (9/317) vs 6.6％ (21/316),x2=5.079; 3.2％ (10/317) vs 7.6％ (24/316),x2 6.139; all P＜0.05,respectively].Conclusions The non supine position during the second stage of labor may improve delivery outcomes.
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Objective To observe the influence of acupuncture treatment on parturition process.Methods 545 pregnant women delivered in our hospital were selected,excluding those with cesarean section indication.On voluntary principle and randomized principle,primipara aged from 22 to 30 who agreed with natural labor were divided into two groups:observation group and control group.Pregnant women in observation group were received acupuncture treatment during latent phase.The following indexes of the two groups were recorded and compared:labor time of the first stage and the second stage,the case for inertia of uterus,cesarean sections,postpartum hemorrhage amount and Apgar score of new-born.Results The labor time of the first stage and the second stage of the control group were (178.55 ± 56.87) min and (130.70 ± 77.22) min,and which of the observation group were (53.87 ±22.33) min and (33.25 ± 15.55) min,there was significant differenec between the two groups(t =3.97,4.11,all P ＜0.05).The differences in the pilot failed to cesarean section rate(14.2％ and 13.6％),postpartum hemorrhage and the perinatal outcome were not significant between the two groups.Conclusion Acupuncture and moxibustion can accelerate labor.
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This qualitative study aims to better understand the perceptions of puerperal women regarding their experiences in vertical and horizontal deliveries and identify positive and negative aspects of each position. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with ten puerperal women hospitalized in the rooming-in unit of a teaching hospital. After thematic analysis - Collective Subject Discourse - positive aspects of the vertical position emerged, namely: greater comfort, freedom of movement, reduction of the expulsive effort, favors women's participation. Negative aspects were listed as discomfort and lack of obstetric intervention. Positive aspects of the horizontal position were reported as quickness, feelings of security and of being helped. Negative aspects were related to discomfort and difficulty in exerting strength. Positive aspects of the vertical position and negative aspects of the horizontal position stood out more intensely and frequently, and are in accordance with scientific evidence.
Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, cuyo objetivo fue conocer las percepciones de las puérperas sobre la vivencia del parto en la posición vertical y horizontal, identificando los aspectos positivos y negativos de cada posición. Fueron entrevistadas 10 puérperas en el alojamiento conjunto de un hospital universitario. Después del análisis temático - Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo - emergieron los aspectos positivos de la posición vertical: más cómoda; favorece la movilidad y reduce el esfuerzo de expulsión; favorece la participación de la parturienta; siendo la incomodidad y la falta de intervención obstétrica apuntados como negativos. En lo que se refiere a la posición horizontal, los aspectos positivos fueron: el parto es más rápido, genera seguridad y sensación de ser ayudada y los negativos estuvieron relacionados a la incomodidad y dificultad para hacer fuerza. Los discursos sobre los aspectos positivos de la posición vertical y negativos de la horizontal se destacan de forma más intensa y frecuente y están congruentes con las evidencias científicas.
Estudo qualitativo, cujo objetivo foi conhecer as percepções das puérperas sobre a vivência de parir na posição vertical e horizontal, identificando os aspectos positivos e negativos de cada posição. Foram entrevistadas 10 puérperas no alojamento conjunto de um hospital universitário. Após análise temática - Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo - emergiram os aspectos positivos da posição vertical: mais cômoda; favorece a movimentação; reduz o esforço expulsivo; favorece a participação da parturiente; sendo o desconforto e a falta de intervenção obstétrica apontados como negativos. Quanto à posição horizontal, os aspectos positivos foram: o parto é mais rápido, gera segurança e sensação de ser ajudada e os negativos estiveram relacionados ao desconforto e dificuldade para fazer força. Os discursos sobre os aspectos positivos da posição vertical e negativos da horizontal destacam-se de forma mais intensa e frequente e estão congruentes com as evidências científicas.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Young Adult , Attitude , Delivery, Obstetric/methods , Postpartum Period , Posture , Young AdultABSTRACT
This study was designed to assess the effect of inflatable obstetric belts on uterine fundal pressure in the management of the second stage of labor. One hundred twenty-three nulliparas with a singleton cephalic pregnancy at term were randomized. Standard care was performed in the control group, and uterine fundal pressure by the Labor Assister(TM) (Baidy M-420/Curexo, Inc., Seoul, Korea) was utilized in addition to standard care in the active group. The Labor Assister(TM) is an inflatable obstetric belts that synchronized to apply uniform fundal pressure during a uterine contraction. The 62 women in the active group spent less time in the second stage of labor when compared to the 61 women in the control group (41.55+/-30.39 min vs. 62.11+/-35.99 min). There was no significant difference in perinatal outcomes between the two groups. In conclusion, the uterine fundal pressure exerted by the Labor Assistertrade mark reduces the duration of the second stage of labor without attendant complications.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Delivery, Obstetric/methods , Labor Stage, Second , Pressure , Prospective Studies , Time Factors , Uterine ContractionABSTRACT
Objective We investigated the correlations between abnormal fetal heart rate (FHR) during the second stage of labor and delivery types and intrapartum maternal complications and fetal outcome Methods The data of 232 nulliparas with single vertex in the second stage of labor (111 cases with normal FHR, 121 cases with abnormal FHR) were analyzed retrospectively Results The incidence of abnormal FHR in the second stage of labor was 52 2%(121/232) The patterns of abnormal FHR included: 81 (66 9%) cases with moderate and/or severe variable deceleration (VD), 27 (22 3%) cases with scattered late deceleration (LD), only one with continuous LD, 4 (3 3%) cases prolonged deceleration (PD), 2 (1 7%) cases with VD and LD, 3 (2 5%) cases with VD and PD, 4 (3 3%) cases with diminished baseline variability There were 13 (11 7%) among the cases with normal FHR and 35 (28 9%) among the cases with abnormal FHR underwent assistant delivery operations (forceps or/and vaccum), respectively ( P